LI-RADS 4 or 5 categorization may not be clinically relevant for decision-making processes: A prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The liver imaging reporting data system (LI-RADS) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was proposed to standardize and enhance consensus of reporting. However, clinical utility of LI-RADS has not been evaluated in Latin America. We therefore sought to compare LI-RADS categories with histopathology findings in liver transplant (LT) explants in a regional center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted between 2012 and 2018 in a single center from Argentina including patients with HCC listed for LT. LI-RADS definitions were applied to magnetic resonance images (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) abdominal scans at time of listing and at final pre-LT reassessment and compared to explant pathology findings; specifically, major nodule (NOD1). RESULTS: Of 130 patients with HCC listed for LT (96.1% with cirrhosis and 35.6% with hepatitis C virus infection), 72 underwent LT. Overall, 65% had imaging HCC diagnosis based on MRI (n = 84), 26% with CT (n = 34) and 9% (n = 12) with both methods. Among LT patients with pre-transplant imaging at our institution (n = 42/72), 69% of the NOD1 were LR-5, 21% LR-4 and 10% LR-3. Definite HCC diagnosis was 50% in LR-3 NOD1 (CI 18-90); none presented microvascular invasion. In LR-4 NOD1, HCC was confirmed in 89% (CI 59-98), of which 11% showed microvascular invasion; whereas in LR-5 NOD1 77% (CI 64-87) had confirmed HCC, 17% with microvascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS: LI-RADS was useful to standardize reports; however, no significant differences were observed between LR-4 and LR-5 HCC probability when compared to explant pathology.

Added value of dynamic magnetic resonance images in pelvic floor dysfunction / Valor agregado das imagens de ressonância magnética dinâmica na disfunção do assoalho pélvico

ABSTRACT Purpose Pelvic floor dysfunction has a high prevalence in the adult population. The Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor (DMRIPF) represents an ideal tool for multidisciplinary management. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the added value of the Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor in patients with suspected pelvic floor disorders. Methods Retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients who underwent a DMRIPF due to suspected pelvic floor disorders between April 2005 and July 2019. Results 359 patients were included. The average number of diagnoses achieved by physical examination was 1.2 vs. 2.5 by the Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor (p < 0.001). Physical examination found a single pathology in 80.8 % of cases. Anterior rectocele (AR) was the most frequent isolated diagnosis on physical examination (68 %). On the Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor, anterior rectocele was diagnosed as an isolated condition in 10.9 %. In 231 cases, anterior rectocele was associated with up to 5 other pelvic floor disorders. The number of individuals with associated pathologies of the posterior and anterior compartments tripled. It modified physical examination findings in 17 % of individuals and, in 63.5 %, allowed the identification of additional pelvic floor pathologies that were missed by physical examination. The Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor had greater added value in patients with anterior rectocele (59.6 % vs. 20.9 %; p < 0.001). Female gender was also associated with a greater diagnostic yield (p < 0.001). Conclusion The Dynamic and Multiplanar Evaluation of the Pelvic Floor allows the detection of multi-compartment defects that could otherwise go undetected, or even alter the initial clinical diagnosis, representing an ideal tool for multidisciplinary approach of pelvic floor dislocations, allowing a comprehensive therapeutic planning.

RESUMO Objetivo A disfunção do assoalho pélvico tem alta prevalência na população adulta. A avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico (DMRIPF) representa uma ferramenta ideal para o gerenciamento multidisciplinar. O objetivo desta análise é avaliar o valor agregado da avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico em pacientes com suspeita de distúrbios do assoalho pélvico. Métodos Análise retrospectiva de uma série consecutiva de pacientes submetidos à avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico por suspeita de distúrbios do assoalho pélvico entre Abril de 2005 e Julho de 2019. Resultados 359 pacientes foram incluídos. O número médio de diagnósticos alcançados pelo exame físico foi de 1,2vs. 2,5 pela avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico p < 0,001. O exame físico encontrou uma única patologia em 80.8 % dos casos. A retocele anterior (RA) foi o diagnóstico isolado mais frequente no exame físico (68 %). Na avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico, a retocele anterior foi diagnosticada como uma condição isolada em 10.9 %. Em 231 casos, a retocele anterior foi associada a até 5 outros distúrbios do assoalho pélvico. O número de indivíduos com patologias associadas dos compartimentos posterior e anterior triplicou. Modificou os achados do exame físico em 17 % dos indivíduos e em 63.5 %; permitiu a identificação de outras patologias do assoalho pélvico que foram esquecidas pelo exame físico. A avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico teve maior valor agregado em pacientes com retocele anterior (59.6 % vs.20.9 %; p < 0,001. O sexo feminino também foi associado a um maior rendimento diagnóstico p < 0,001. Conclusão A avaliação dinâmica e multiplanar do assoalho pélvico permite a detecção de defeitos multicompartimentários que, de outra forma, poderiam não ser detectados, ou mesmo alterar o diagnóstico clínico inicial, representando uma ferramenta ideal para a abordagem multidisciplinar das luxações do assoalho pélvico, permitindo um planejamento terapêutico abrangente.

Empiema del Muñón Ureteral: Secretos Para un Buen Diagnóstico / Empyema of the Ureteral Stump: Secrets for a Correct Diagnosis

El muñón ureteral es el segmento de uréter remanente posterior a una nefrectomía, que puede, ocasionalmente, dar origen a un cuadro sintomático infeccioso poco frecuente, conocido como empiema del muñón ureteral (EMU). El mismo suele atribuirse a otra patología por desconocimiento médico y no es reconocido hasta que el cuadro clínico avanza significativamente o se realiza la exploración quirúrgica. Los muñones ureterales que se encontraban sanos en la cirugía inicial no suelen desarrollar patología. Por el contrario, los uréteres obstruidos, crónicamente infectados o asociados a litiasis o reflujo distal, son los que se encuentran en riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones futuras. En esta revisión, se repasa la literatura y se presentan casos de pacientes con antecedentes de nefrectomía que por diferentes causas transcurrieron con empiema en el muñón ureteral, con el fin de analizar las posibles causas y factores predisponentes de la patología, describir los hallazgos radiológicos en los diferentes métodos diagnósticos y poder reconocer las posibles complicaciones para su correcto manejo terapéutico. Las infecciones urinarias a repetición son útiles para sospechar la presencia de EMU. Ellas se deben al reflujo urinario o disfunción en el vaciamiento del uréter remanente, con estasis e infección del mismo. Por lo tanto, en pacientes con antecedentes de nefrectomía que presentan dolor abdominal difuso, fiebre y antecedentes de infecciones urinarias a repetición, es necesario sospechar empiema del muñón ureteral para poder realizar un correcto análisis imagenológico y posterior tratamiento.

The ureteral stump is the segment of the ureter that remains after a nephrectomy, and it can occasionally give rise to a rare symptomatic infectious disorder known as an empyema of the ureteral stump. The syndrome is usually attributed to another disease due to the radiologist's or ED physician's unawareness, and diagnosis is delayed until there is significant clinical progression, complimentary images or exploratory surgery is performed. Ureteral stumps that were healthy at the initial surgery, usually do not pose further problems. On the other hand, ureters that are obstructed, chronically infected or associated with nephrolithiasis or distal reflux, are at risk for developing future complications. This review goes over the available literature on the subject and presents cases of patients who underwent a nephrectomy and, for different reasons, developed an empyema of the ureteral stump in order analyze the possible causes and predisposing factors, describing the main radiologic findings in each of the different imaging modalities, and recognize the possible complications and their according therapeutic management. Repeated urinary tract infections are useful for suspecting the presence of an empyema, and are due to vesicoureteral reflux or ureteral dysfunction, with consequent urinary stasis and infection. Thus, patients with a history of nephrectomy presenting with diffuse abdominal pain, fever and repeat urinary infections, should raise the suspicion of empyema of the ureteral stump, leading to a correct imaging analysis and posterior treatment.

El impacto de la resonancia magnética dinámica en el diagnostico de las disfunciones del piso pélvico / Impact of dynamic magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunctions

Introducción: La Resonancia Magnética Dinámica del Piso Pelviano (RMDPP) es un estudio diagnóstico que permite la evaluación dinámica y/o estática de todos los compartimentos de la pelvis (anterior, medio y posterior) en un solo estudio. Material y Método: Se presenta una serie prospectiva y consecutiva de 223 pacientes evaluados en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 2005 y Junio de 2011. Resultados: Del total de 223 pacientes 5 (2.3%) fueron del sexo masculino y 218 (97.7%) del sexo femenino. Cuatro casos normales (para estandarizar el procedimiento), 20 controles post operatorios y un paciente con una fistula colo - vesical, fueron excluidos de la serie a analizar. La coexistencia de patología en los distintos sectores del piso pelviano, mas frecuente en el sexo femenino, hace necesario su confirmación diagnóstica a fin implementar terapéuticas adecuadas en un solo tiempo quirúrgico. Ciento noventa y seis pacientes padecían un síndrome de obstrucción de tracto de salida (SOTS) y dos dolores perineales crónicos. Ciento veintiocho (64,6%) presentaron rectocele anterior de los cuales en 25 (12.6%) fue el único hallazgo. En 152 pacientes se constataron alteraciones de otras estructuras anatómicas abdomino-pelvianas que no habían sido sospechadas o comprobadas durante el examen fisico. Discusión: Es un estudio que no expone al paciente a radiaciones ionizante y brinda datos anatómicos y funcionales. Mediante la obtención de imágenes multiplanares se visualizan con detalle los órganos contenidos en la pelvis y la musculatura del piso pelviano, no siempre accesibles al examen físico. La RMDPP es hoy en día, el estudio más indicado para evaluar las disfunciones del piso pelviano...

Background: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor (DMRPP) is a complementary diagnostic tool that allows dynamic and/or static assessment of all compartments of the pelvis (anterior, middle and posterior) in a single study. Method: We present a prospective and consecutive series of 223 patients evaluated between the period April 2005 and June 2011. Results: Of the total of 223 patients 5 (2.3%) were male and 218 (97.7%) females. Four normal cases (to standardize the procedure), 20 post-operative evaluation and one patient with a sigmoid- bladder fistula, were excluded from the analyzed series. The coexistence of pathology in different parts of the pelvic floor, more often in women, diagnostic confirmation is necessary to implement appropriate treatment in a single surgical session. One hundred ninety six patients had symptoms from an obstructive outlet syndrome (ODS) and two complained of chronic perineal pain. In 128 (64.6%) patients an anterior rectocele was confirmed. Only in 25 (12.6%) was the single finding. In 152 patients, other abdomino-pelvic anatomical dislocations were found that had not been suspected or found during physical examination. Discussion: DMRPP is a study that does not exposes patients to ionizing radiation and provides anatomical and functional data. Using multiplanar imaging, the organs in the pelvis and pelvic floor muscles are displayed in detail not always accessible to physical examination. The DMRPP is today an appropriate study to evaluate pelvic floor dysfunction, confirms presumptive diagnosis and quantify the incidence of dislocation of organs such as bladder, bowel and/or colon, uterus and vagina, influencing on intestinal voiding dynamics, as well as inadequate muscle relaxation such as: the puborectalis and/or anal sphincter. Conclusion: With DMRPP we have gained a comprehensive view of the pelvic floor enabling more rational treatments of pelvic floor dysfunctions...

El impacto de la resonancia magnética dinámica en el diagnostico de las disfunciones del piso pélvico / Impact of dynamic magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunctions

Introducción: La Resonancia Magnética Dinámica del Piso Pelviano (RMDPP) es un estudio diagnóstico que permite la evaluación dinámica y/o estática de todos los compartimentos de la pelvis (anterior, medio y posterior) en un solo estudio. Material y Método: Se presenta una serie prospectiva y consecutiva de 223 pacientes evaluados en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 2005 y Junio de 2011. Resultados: Del total de 223 pacientes 5 (2.3%) fueron del sexo masculino y 218 (97.7%) del sexo femenino. Cuatro casos normales (para estandarizar el procedimiento), 20 controles post operatorios y un paciente con una fistula colo - vesical, fueron excluidos de la serie a analizar. La coexistencia de patología en los distintos sectores del piso pelviano, mas frecuente en el sexo femenino, hace necesario su confirmación diagnóstica a fin implementar terapéuticas adecuadas en un solo tiempo quirúrgico. Ciento noventa y seis pacientes padecían un síndrome de obstrucción de tracto de salida (SOTS) y dos dolores perineales crónicos. Ciento veintiocho (64,6%) presentaron rectocele anterior de los cuales en 25 (12.6%) fue el único hallazgo. En 152 pacientes se constataron alteraciones de otras estructuras anatómicas abdomino-pelvianas que no habían sido sospechadas o comprobadas durante el examen fisico. Discusión: Es un estudio que no expone al paciente a radiaciones ionizante y brinda datos anatómicos y funcionales. Mediante la obtención de imágenes multiplanares se visualizan con detalle los órganos contenidos en la pelvis y la musculatura del piso pelviano, no siempre accesibles al examen físico. La RMDPP es hoy en día, el estudio más indicado para evaluar las disfunciones del piso pelviano...(AU)

Background: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor (DMRPP) is a complementary diagnostic tool that allows dynamic and/or static assessment of all compartments of the pelvis (anterior, middle and posterior) in a single study. Method: We present a prospective and consecutive series of 223 patients evaluated between the period April 2005 and June 2011. Results: Of the total of 223 patients 5 (2.3%) were male and 218 (97.7%) females. Four normal cases (to standardize the procedure), 20 post-operative evaluation and one patient with a sigmoid- bladder fistula, were excluded from the analyzed series. The coexistence of pathology in different parts of the pelvic floor, more often in women, diagnostic confirmation is necessary to implement appropriate treatment in a single surgical session. One hundred ninety six patients had symptoms from an obstructive outlet syndrome (ODS) and two complained of chronic perineal pain. In 128 (64.6%) patients an anterior rectocele was confirmed. Only in 25 (12.6%) was the single finding. In 152 patients, other abdomino-pelvic anatomical dislocations were found that had not been suspected or found during physical examination. Discussion: DMRPP is a study that does not exposes patients to ionizing radiation and provides anatomical and functional data. Using multiplanar imaging, the organs in the pelvis and pelvic floor muscles are displayed in detail not always accessible to physical examination. The DMRPP is today an appropriate study to evaluate pelvic floor dysfunction, confirms presumptive diagnosis and quantify the incidence of dislocation of organs such as bladder, bowel and/or colon, uterus and vagina, influencing on intestinal voiding dynamics, as well as inadequate muscle relaxation such as: the puborectalis and/or anal sphincter. Conclusion: With DMRPP we have gained a comprehensive view of the pelvic floor enabling more rational treatments of pelvic floor dysfunctions...(AU)